FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE |
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| Fungicide Listing by Mode of Action |
| MOA | TARGET SITE & CODE | GROUP NAME | CHEMICAL GROUP | COMMON NAME | COMMENTS | FRAC CODE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: nucleic acids synthesis | A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Acylalanine | Benalaxyl | Single-ste inhibitor. Interferes with synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Systemic. Resistance and cross resistance well known in various Oomycetes but mechanism unknown. High risk. | 4 |
| A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Acylalanine | Furalaxyl | 4 | ||
| A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Acylalanine | Metalaxyl | 4 | ||
| A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Acylalanine | Metalaxyl-M | 4 | ||
| A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Butyrolactone | Ofurace | 4 | ||
| A1 RNA polymerase I |
PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides) | Oxazolidinone | Oxadixyl | 4 | ||
| A2 Adenosin-deaminase |
Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines | Aminopyrimidinol | Bupirimate | Medium risk. Resistance and cross resistance known in powdery mildews. Resistance management required. | 8 | |
| A2 Adenosin-deaminase |
Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines | Aminopyrimidinol | Dimethirimol | 8 | ||
| A2 Adenosin-deaminase |
Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines | Aminopyrimidinol | Ethirimol | 8 | ||
| A3 DNA/RNA synthesis (proposed) |
Heteroaromatics | Isothiazolone | Octhilinone | Resistance not known | 32 | |
| A3 DNA/RNA synthesis (proposed) |
Heteroaromatics | Isoxazole | Hymexazol | 32 | ||
| A4 DNA topoisomerase type II (gyrase) |
Carboxylic acids | Quinoline-7-carboxylic acid | Oxolinic acid | Bactericide. Resistance known. Risk unknown. Resistance management required. | 31 | |
| B: mitosis and cell division | B1 |
MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | Benzimidazole | Benomyl | Resistance common in many fungal species. Several target site mutations, mostly E198A/G/K, F200Y Positive cross resistance between the group members. Negative cross resistance to N-Phenylcarbamates. High risk. | 1 |
| B1 |
MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | Benzimidazole | Carbendazim | 1 | ||
| B1 |
MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | Benzimidazole | Fuberidazole | 1 | ||
| B1 |
MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | Benzimidazole | Thiabendazole | 1 | ||
| B1 |
MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | Thiophanate | Thiophanate-methyl | 1 | ||
| B2 |
N-phenyl carbamates | N-phenyl carbamate | Diethofencarb | Resistance known. Target site mutation E198K. Negative cross resistance to benzimidazoles. High risk. Resistance management required. | 10 | |
| B3 |
Benzamides | Benzamide | Zoxamide | Protectant, non-systemic. No resistance detected to date. Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 22 | |
| B4 Cell division (proposed) |
Phenylureas | Phenylurea | Pencycuron | Resistance not known | 20 | |
| B5 Delocalisation of spectrin-like proteins |
Benzamides | Acylpicolide | Fluopicolide | No cross resistance known to other fungicides. Resistance not known. | 43 | |
| C. respiration | C1 Inhibition of Complex I: NADH Oxido-reductase |
Pyrimidinamines | Pyrimidinamine | Diflumetorim | Resistance not known | 39 |
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Furan carboxamide | Fenfuram | Resistance known for specific fungi. Target site mutation H257L. Medium risk. Resistance management required if used for risky pathogens. | 7 | |
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Oxathiin carboxamide | Carboxin | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Oxathiin carboxamide | Oxycarboxin | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Phenyl-benzamide | Benodanil | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Phenyl-benzamide | Flutolanil | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Phenyl-benzamide | Mepronil | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Pyrazole carboxamide | Bixafen | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Pyrazole carboxamide | Furametpyr | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Pyrazole carboxamide | Penthiopyrad | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Pyridine carboxamide | Boscalid | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Pyridinyl-ethyl benzamide | Fluopyram | 7 | ||
| C2 Inhibition of Complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase |
SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) | Thiazole carboxamide | Thifluzamide | 7 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Imidazolinone | Fenamidone | Single-site inhibitor. Inhibits fungal respiration at Qo site. Locally systemic. Resistance known in various fungal species. Target site mutations G143A, F129L and additional mechanisms. Cross resistance shown between all members of the QoI group. High risk. | 11 | |
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Oxazolidinedione | Famoxadone | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Azoxystrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Dimoxystrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Enestrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Fluoxastrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Kresoxim-methyl | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Metominostrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Orysastrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Picoxystrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Pyraclostrobin | 11 | ||
| C3 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qo site |
QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin | Trifloxystrobin | 11 | ||
| C4 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qi site |
QiI-fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors) | Cyanoimidazole | Cyazofamid | Single-site inhibitor. Inhibits fungal respiration and energy production at Qi site. Limited systemicity. No resistance detected to date. Resistance risk unknown but assumed to be medium to high (mutations at target site known in model organisms). Resistance management required. | 21 | |
| C4 Inhibition of Complex III: cytochrome bc1 at Qi site |
QiI-fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors) | Sulfamoyl-triazole | Amisulbrom | 21 | ||
| C5 Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation |
C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation | 2,6 dinitroaniline | Fluazinam | Stops cellular energy production. Protectant, non-systemic. Resistance not known: low risk, but fluazinam-resistant isolates of Botrytis claimed to exist in Japan in 2000. | 29 | |
| C5 Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation |
C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation | Dinitrophenyl crotonate | Binapacryl | 29 | ||
| C5 Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation |
C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation | Dinitrophenyl crotonate | Dinocap | 29 | ||
| C5 Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation |
C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation | Dinitrophenyl crotonate | Meptyldinocap | 29 | ||
| C6 Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase |
Organo tin compounds | Organotin | Fentin | Some resistance cases known. Low to medium risk. | 30 | |
| C6 Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase |
Organo tin compounds | Organotin | Fentin acetate | 30 | ||
| C6 Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase |
Organo tin compounds | Organotin | Fentin hydroxide | 30 | ||
| C7 ATP production (proposed) |
Thiophene-carboxamides | Thiophene-carboxamide | Silthiofam | Resistance reported. Risk low | 38 | |
| C8 Complex III: cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinone reductase) at Q x (unknown) site |
QxI | Triazolo-pirimidylamine | Ametoctradin | Resistance risk assumed to be medium to high (single site inhibitor). Resistance management required. | 45 | |
| D: amino acids and protein synthesis | D1 Methionine biosynthesis (proposed) |
AP-fungicides (Anilino-Pyrimidines) | Anilino-pyrimidine | Cyprodinil | Resistance known in Botrytis and Venturia, sporadically in Oculimacula. Medium risk. | 9 |
| D1 Methionine biosynthesis (proposed) |
AP-fungicides (Anilino-Pyrimidines) | Anilino-pyrimidine | Mepanipyrim | 9 | ||
| D1 Methionine biosynthesis (proposed) |
AP-fungicides (Anilino-Pyrimidines) | Anilino-pyrimidine | Pyrimethanil | 9 | ||
| D2 Protein synthesis |
Enopyranuronic acid antibiotic | Enopyranuronic acid antibiotic | Blasticidin-S | Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 23 | |
| D3 Protein synthesis |
Hexopyranosyl antibiotic | Hexopyranosyl antibiotic | Kasugamycin | Resistance known. Medium risk. Resistance management required. | 24 | |
| D4 Protein synthesis |
Glucopyranosyl antibiotic | Glucopyranosyl antibiotic | Streptomycin | Bactericide. Resistance known. High risk. Resistance management required. | 25 | |
| E: signal transduction | E1 Signal transduction (mechanism unknown) |
Aza-naphthalenes (quinolines & quinazolinones) | Aryloxyquinoline | Quinoxyfen | Resistance to quinoxyfen known. Medium risk. Resistance management required. Cross resistance found in Erysiphe (Uncinula) necator but not in Blumeria graminis. | 13 |
| E1 Signal transduction (mechanism unknown) |
Aza-naphthalenes (quinolines & quinazolinones) | Quinazolinone | Proquinazid | 13 | ||
| E2 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-2, HOG1) |
PP-fungicides (PhenylPyrroles) | Phenylpyrrole | Fenpiclonil | Resistance found sporadically, mechanism speculative (OS-2 kinase). Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 12 | |
| E2 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-2, HOG1) |
PP-fungicides (PhenylPyrroles) | Phenylpyrrole | Fludioxonil | 12 | ||
| E3 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-1, Daf1) |
Dicarboximides | Dicarboximide | Chlozolinate | Resistance common in Botrytis and some other pathogens. Several mutations in OS-1, mostly I365S. Cross resistance common between the group members. Medium to high risk. | 2 | |
| E3 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-1, Daf1) |
Dicarboximides | Dicarboximide | Iprodione | 2 | ||
| E3 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-1, Daf1) |
Dicarboximides | Dicarboximide | Procymidone | 2 | ||
| E3 MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-1, Daf1) |
Dicarboximides | Dicarboximide | Vinclozolin | 2 | ||
| F: lipid synthesis and membrane integrity | F2 Phospholipid biosynthesis, methyltransferase |
Phosphorothiolates & Dithiolanes | Dithiolane | Isoprothiolane | Resistance known for specific fungi. Low to medium risk. Resistance management required if used for risky pathogens. | 6 |
| F2 Phospholipid biosynthesis, methyltransferase |
Phosphorothiolates & Dithiolanes | Phosphorothiolate | Edifenphos | 6 | ||
| F2 Phospholipid biosynthesis, methyltransferase |
Phosphorothiolates & Dithiolanes | Phosphorothiolate | Iprobenfos | 6 | ||
| F2 Phospholipid biosynthesis, methyltransferase |
Phosphorothiolates & Dithiolanes | Phosphorothiolate | Pyrazophos | 6 | ||
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | 1,2,4-thiadiazole | Etridiazole | Resistance known to some fungi. Low to medium risk. Cross resistance patterns complex due to different activity spectra. | 14 | |
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Biphenyl | 14 | ||
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Dicloran | 14 | ||
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Quintozene | 14 | ||
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Tecnazene | 14 | ||
| F3 Lipid peroxidation (proposed) |
AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) & Heteroaromatics | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Tolclofos-methyl | 14 | ||
| F4 Cell membrane permeability, fatty acids (proposed) |
Carbamates | Carbamate | Propamocarb | Multi-site inhibitors, systemic. No resistance detected to date. Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 28 | |
| F4 Cell membrane permeability, fatty acids (proposed) |
Carbamates | Carbamate | Propamocarb hydrochloride | 28 | ||
| F4 Cell membrane permeability, fatty acids (proposed) |
Carbamates | Carbamate | Prothiocarb | 28 | ||
| F6 Microbial disrupters of pathogen cell membranes |
Microbial (Bacillus sp.) | Fungal fungicide | Bacillus subtilis | No resistance reported. Assumed to be low risk based on mode of action of non-specific membrane disruption | 44 | |
| G: sterol biosynthesis in membranes | G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Imidazole | Imazalil | There are great differences in the activity spectra of the different DMI fungicides. Resistance is known in various fungal species. Several resistance mechanisms are known incl. target site mutations in cyp51 (erg 11) gene, e.g. V136A, Y137F, A379G, I381V; cyp51 promotor; ABC transporters and others. Generally wise to accept that cross resistance is present between DMI fungicides active against the same fungus. DMI fungicides are Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs), but show no cross resistance to other SBI classes. Medium risk. | 3 |
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Imidazole | Oxpoconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Imidazole | Prochloraz | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Imidazole | Triflumizole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Piperazine | Triforine | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Pyridine | Pyrifenox | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Pyrimidine | Fenarimol | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Pyrimidine | Nuarimol | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Azaconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Bitertanol | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Bromuconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Cyproconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Difenoconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Diniconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Epoxiconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Etaconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Fenbuconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Fluquinconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Flusilazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Flutriafol | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Hexaconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Imibenconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Ipconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Metconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Myclobutanil | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Penconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Propiconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Simeconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Tebuconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Tetraconazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Triadimefon | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Triadimenol | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazole | Triticonazole | 3 | ||
| G1 C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis |
DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I) | Triazolinthione | Prothioconazole | 3 | ||
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Morpholine | Dodemorph | Decreased sensitivity for powdery mildews. Cross resistance within the group generally found but not to other SBI classes. Low to medium risk. | 5 | |
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Morpholine | Fenpropimorph | 5 | ||
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Morpholine | Tridemorph | 5 | ||
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Piperidine | Fenpropidin | 5 | ||
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Piperidine | Piperalin | 5 | ||
| G2 ^14 -reductase and ^8-^7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2) |
Amines ("Morpholines") (SBI: Class II) | Spiroketalamine | Spiroxamine | 5 | ||
| G3 3-keto reductase, C4-demethylation (erg27) |
Hydroxyanilides (SBI: Class III) | Hydroxyanilide | Fenhexamid | Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 17 | |
| H: glucan and cell wall synthesis | H3 Trehalase and inositol-biosynthesis |
Glucopyranosyl antibiotic | Glucopyranosyl antibiotic | Validamycin | Resistance not known | 26 |
| H4 Chitin synthase |
Polyoxins | Peptidyl pyrimidine nucleoside | Polyoxins | Resistance known. Medium risk. Resistance management required. | 19 | |
| H5 Cellulose synthase |
CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic acid amides) | Cinnamic acid amide | Dimethomorph | Resistance known in Plasmopara viticola but not in Phytophthora infestans. Cross resistance between all members of the CAA group. Low to medium risk. | 40 | |
| H5 Cellulose synthase |
CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic acid amides) | Cinnamic acid amide | Flumorph | 40 | ||
| H5 Cellulose synthase |
CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic acid amides) | Mandelic acid amide | Mandipropamid | 40 | ||
| H5 Cellulose synthase |
CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic acid amides) | Valinamide carbamate | Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl | 40 | ||
| H5 Cellulose synthase |
CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic acid amides) | Valinamide carbamate | Iprovalicarb | 40 | ||
| I: melanin synthesis in cell wall | I1 Reductase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-R (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Reductase) | Lactone | Phthalide | Resistance not known | 16.1 |
| I1 Reductase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-R (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Reductase) | Pyrrolo-quinolinone | Pyroquilon | 16.1 | ||
| I1 Reductase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-R (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Reductase) | Triazolobenzothiazole | Tricyclazole | 16.1 | ||
| I2 Dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase) | Carboxamide | Diclocymet | Resistance known. Medium risk. Resistance management required. | 16.2 | |
| I2 Dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase) | Cyclopropane-carboxamide | Carpropamid | 16.2 | ||
| I2 Dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis |
MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase) | Propionamide | Fenoxanil | 16.2 | ||
| Multi-site contact activity | M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Bordeaux mixture | Multi-site inhibitors, protectant, non-systemic. Generally considered a low risk group with no signs of resistance developing to the majority of fungicides. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M1 |
| M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Copper hydroxide | M1 | ||
| M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Copper oxychloride | M1 | ||
| M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Copper sulphate | M1 | ||
| M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Cupric ammonium carbonate | M1 | ||
| M1 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - copper (different salts) | Copper | Cuprous oxide | M1 | ||
| M2 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - suphur | Inorganic | Calcium polysulphide | Generally considered a low risk fungicide with no signs of resistance developing. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M2 | |
| M2 Multi-site contact activity |
Inorganics - suphur | Sulphur | Sulphur | M2 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Cufraneb | Multi-site inhibitor. Protectant, non-systemic. Generally considered a low risk group with no signs of resistance developing to the majority of fungicides. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M3 | |
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Ferbam | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Mancozeb | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Maneb | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Propineb | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Thiram | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Zineb | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | Dithiocarbamate | Ziram | M3 | ||
| M3 Multi-site contact activity |
Dithiocarbamates and relatives | See: Zineb-ethylene thiuram disulphide adduct | Metiram | M3 | ||
| M4 Multi-site contact activity |
Phthalimides | Phthalimide | Captafol | Generally considered a low risk group with no signs of resistance developing to the majority of fungicides. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M4 | |
| M4 Multi-site contact activity |
Phthalimides | Phthalimide | Captan | M4 | ||
| M4 Multi-site contact activity |
Phthalimides | Phthalimide | Folpet | M4 | ||
| M5 Multi-site contact activity |
Chloronitriles (phthalonitriles) | Phthalonitrile | Chlorothalonil | Multi-site inhibitor. Protectant, non-systemic. Generally considered a low risk fungicide. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M5 | |
| M6 Multi-site contact activity |
Sulphamides | Sulfamide | Dichlofluanid | Generally considered a low risk group with no signs of resistance developing to the majority of fungicides. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M6 | |
| M6 Multi-site contact activity |
Sulphamides | Sulfamide | Tolylfluanid | M6 | ||
| M7 Multi-site contact activity |
Guanidines | Guanidine | Guazatine | Generally considered a low risk group with no signs of resistance developing to the majority of fungicides. However, for dodine, resistance was reported in Venturia inaequalis suggesting that dodine may not be a multi-site inhibitor. Resistance management recommended. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M7 | |
| M7 Multi-site contact activity |
Guanidines | Guanidine | Iminoctadine | M7 | ||
| M8 Multi-site contact activity |
Triazines | Triazine | Anilazine | Generally considered a low risk fungicide with no signs of resistance developing. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M8 | |
| M9 Multi-site contact activity |
Quinones (anthraquinones) | Quinone | Dithianon | Generally considered a low risk fungicide with no signs of resistance developing. No cross resistance between group members M1 to M9. | M9 | |
| Not classified | NC Unknown |
Inorganics - carbonates | Inorganic | Potassium hydrogen carbonate | Resistance not known | NC |
| P: host plant defence induction | P1 Salicylic acid pathway |
Benzo-thiadiazole BTH | Benzothiadiazole | Acibenzolar-S-methyl | Resistance not known | P1 |
| P2 Unknown |
Benzisothiazoles | Benzisothiazole | Probenazole | Resistance not known | P2 | |
| P3 Unknown |
Thiadiazole-carboxamides | Thiadiazole carboxamide | Isotianil | Resistance not known | P3 | |
| P3 Unknown |
Thiadiazole-carboxamides | Thiadiazole carboxamide | Tiadinil | P3 | ||
| Unknown mode of action | U27 Unknown |
Cyanoacetamide-oximes | Cyanoacetamide oxime | Cymoxanil | Resistance claims described. Low to medium risk. Resistance management required. | 27 |
| U33 Unknown |
Phosphonates | Ethyl phosphonate | Fosetyl-aluminium | Few resistance cases reported in few pathogens. Low risk | 33 | |
| U33 Unknown |
Phosphonates | Inorganic | Phosphorous acid and salts | 33 | ||
| U34 Unknown |
Phthalamic acids | Phthalamic acid | Tecloftalam | Mode of action generally not known. Use over several years has not revealed major resistance problems. Risk assumed to be low. Resistance not known. | 34 | |
| U35 Unknown |
Benzotriazines | Benzotriazine | Triazoxide | Mode of action generally not known. Use over several years has not revealed major resistance problems. Risk assumed to be low. Resistance not known. | 35 | |
| U36 Unknown |
Benzene-sulfonamides | Benzene-sulfonamide | Flusulfamide | Mode of action generally not known. Use over several years has not revealed major resistance problems. Risk assumed to be low. Resistance not known. | 36 | |
| U37 Unknown |
Pyridazinones | Pyridazinone | Diclomezine | Mode of action generally not known. Use over several years has not revealed major resistance problems. Risk assumed to be low. Resistance not known. | 37 | |
| U42 Unknown |
Thiocarbamates | Thiocarbamate | Methasulfocarb | Mode of action generally not known. Use over several years has not revealed major resistance problems. Risk assumed to be low. Resistance not known. | 42 | |
| U5 microtubule disruption (proposed) |
Thiazole-carboxamides | Ethylamino-thiazole carboxamide | Ethaboxam | Resistance not known. | U5 | |
| U6 Unknown |
Phenyl-acetamide | Phenyl-acetamide | Cyflufenamid | Resistance in Sphaerotheca. Resistance management required. | U6 | |
| U8 actin disruption (proposed) |
Aryl-phenyl-ketones | Benzophenone | Metrafenone | Less sensitive isolates detected in wheat powdery mildew. Medium risk. Resistance management required. | U8 | |
| U8 actin disruption (proposed) |
Aryl-phenyl-ketones | Benzoylpyridine | Pyriofenone | U8 | ||
| U12 Cell membrane disruption (proposed) |
Guanidines | Guanidine | Dodine | Resistance known in Venturia inaequalis. Low to medium risk. Resistance management recommended. | U12 | |
| U14 Unknown |
Pyrimidinone-hydrazones | Pyrimidinone-hydrazone | Ferimzone | Resistance not known | U14 |
Codes and comments courtesy of FRAC.
Chemical groupings follow classification as used in the Pesticide Manual 14th Edition.
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